Pro- Cell Phones and Ipods in School Essay

Alex Hightower Cell telephones are assuming control over secondary schools, let’s face it. These days mobile phones and mp3 players are just about a need. Have you at any point been sitting in class and you hear a mobile phone go off? The normal response is to look and see whose telephone it was, at that point you lose center and the educator needs to rehash what they were stating. This gets most educators distraught and numerous understudies upset. Understudies accept that instructors removing their telephones are not reasonable, when truly you ought to have been focusing on the exercise as opposed to diverting another understudy from learning. The instructors would prefer not to remove theâ cell phoneâ or mp3 players from you yet it is an aspect of their responsibilities obligations. They simply need what is best for you and they need you to prevail throughout everyday life. Many school chairmen have taken the position that school rules ought to preclude the utilization ofâ cell phonesâ and mp3 players during class, tests, and tests and in the restroom. I oppose this idea. I believe that they ought to permit mobile phones and mp3 players in school. For one, it is more secure to let kids have their telephones so they can contact their folks during the day, that way the guardians realize that their kid is protected at school. On the off chance that there is a crisis or mishap the guardians would need to think about it and if everybody is alright. The educational committee can just convey a voice message so rapidly and it would have all the data that their kid would. It likewise wouldn’t give explicit data relating to the kid. It would send them into a frenzy, stressing that their child is harmed. On the off chance that they were permitted to utilize their telephones, they would call their folks and reveal to them that all is well. That would likewise ease the pressure of the educational committee about telling the guardians in light of the fact that the children would have just done it. Most children nowadays have low capacities to focus. Those equivalent children additionally tune in to music in their extra time. For instance, while they peruse or improve while doing this. So in the event that we let them tune in to music on their iPods or mp3 players during quiet work, they would converse with different colleagues less and they would complete their work all the more precisely and quicker. Utilizing iPods in class during quiet work would enable the children to accomplish their work all the more precisely. Another worry is that a colleague may take another class mate’s mobile phone or mp3 player. This can occur yet may be more uncertain if the understudy is permitted to utilize it. In the event that the understudy is permitted to message in class the individual in question is going to check their telephone or mp3 player more frequently than they would in the event that they weren’t permitted to text or tune in to music in class. Mobile phone and mp3 players can be diverting in class, while instructing, yet that’s why, as opposed to prohibiting them, there ought to be a rule set. The mobile phone or mp3 player doesn’t should be out the whole day or the whole class time frame yet they likewise don’t should be prohibited out and out. They ought to be utilized fittingly all through the school day and crises. They additionally shouldn’t be taken if the understudy is gotten with a phone or mp3 player. The ones that get captured are generally the ones reaching a parent since they are wiped out and not focusing on the instructor. Having the telephone sit in the workplace makes the school legitimately liable for whether the mobile phone is taken or broken, which could bring about a claim, contingent upon the guardians and the kind of PDA. Whoever takes care of the tab for the mobile phone wouldn’t be glad on the off chance that they can’t get to it since they need to work and it just sits in the workplace, making them pay for something that’s not being utilized. There is no genuine drawback to letting understudies have their PDAs mp3 players in class. It’s better for guardians who may need to contact their children during school hours. It’ll assist kids with moving in class. It could make them utilize their telephones less; we are bound to accomplish something were not permitted to do. That’s why we ought to permit phones and mp3 players in school.

Preparing for Death While Embracing Life Essay -- essays research pape

The way toward biting the dust starts during childbirth. Every one of us realize that some time or another we will bite the dust, yet we don't commonly prefer to contemplate it. The subject of death is regularly no-no in our general public. Along these lines, we are frequently ill-equipped when we are confronted with the last phases of the perishing procedure with somebody we love. Perspectives and ideas about death and biting the dust fluctuate significantly. Demise alludes to the genuine physical closure of life, while biting the dust alludes to the way toward arriving at that end. The vast majority don't just quit relaxing. It is frequently a moderate, waiting, loosening up process that can take days, weeks, or months. Indeed, even the effectively biting the dust procedure can happen over a time of hours or days. Watching this procedure can be very hard for friends and family. A few people experience the side effects of being near death and afterward, for some unexplained explanation their condition may start to improve a bit. The family's expectations take off, just to be run once more, as the adored one's condition falls apart. These crazy ride changes can be genuinely and truly depleting for guardians. The majority of the dread of death is truly dread of the obscure. Instruction and open conversation about the occasions that will happen can ease a great part of the dread patients and families experience. Every passing is unique, a contacting and extraordinary dramatization, similarly as each birth may be. Furthermore, as a rule the demonstration of kicking the bucket needs some help, similarly as the demonstration of conceiving an offspring does. Since every individual's demise is novel, it is hard to state precisely what will occur in every circumstance. This specific timeframe is one of the most troublesome occasions you and your family will understanding. A few people accept that getting ready for a passing is the most troublesome piece of losing a friend or family member. Loved ones may feel defenseless as their cherished one comes nearer to death. Dread of the unavoidable, distress, and foreseeing the pain to come are normal and can be totally debilitating. Numerous individuals who have a genuine disease may foresee their own passing and experience a scope of feelings also. A sorrow advocate can enable an evil individual to work to determine issues and, maybe, accomplish a degree of harmony with the inescapable. On a progressively commonsense note, there are issues that can be settled during the time of physical decay that may prompt more noteworthy genuine feelings of serenity. The individual's will ought to be drawn up or refreshed and some other individual issue... ...child whom you have named as "successor Trustee" assumes control over your Trust. This individual is responsible for dealing with the property under the Trust or of dispersing the property to the recipients you indicated inside the Trust. Keep in mind, before you make the legitimate move of making a trust, it is quite often to your greatest advantage to counsel a legal advisor for more data and direction. So as should be obvious, there are numerous approaches to manage demise while one is as yet alive. It is significant that one understands that these methods are not there to â€Å"rattle Death’s cage† as certain individuals have put it, however for increasingly down to earth implies, for example, dealing with the one’s abandoned. Reference index Ø Mannino, Davis J. Lamenting Days, Healing Days. Allyn and Bacon Ø Kubler-Ross, E. On Death and Dying. Simon and Schuster Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legitimate/guardianship/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legitimate/living_wills/default.htm Ø     http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legitimate/power_of_attor/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legitimate/wills/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legitimate/assets_and_tru/default.htm

The Top Common Causes of Fatigue

The Top Common Causes of Fatigue Remember how you used to play for hours on end when you were a child, and yet yearn for more at bed time? What happened as you grew up?Too tired to work now? Too weak to keep your eyes open and yet have to carry on with your daily task because, well, you have no other option? Fatigue, or the feeling of being tired constantly, often increases with age. However, while you can blame it all on the slowing metabolism rate, it’s not the only factor.The sense of tiredness comes gradually and can hit a person all at once and entirely out of the blue. Fatigue leads to extreme lethargy, weariness and an absolute disinterest in doing even the simplest of chores.Did you know that as many as 20% of accidents on the road happen due to fatigue?If you are working, injuries are three times more likely to happen to you if you get less than five hours of sleep a night.WHY DOES FATIGUE HAPPEN?Taking rest to help the body to regain strength and rejuvenate itself is a great way to combat fatigue. In fac t, this is the best and the easiest way of improving your body fight with tiredness.Sleep is one of the most important aspects of leading a healthy life and you need a minimum of eight complete hours of sleep to stay healthy.Many mistake fatigue as a symptom for cold, flu, fever and more but it is always better for your own self to dig a little deeper and analyze the causes of being super tired all the time. In case you do feel something is off, it is always better to seek a professional opinion for the same.Fatigue can lead to severe problems and diseases if not checked on time and to combat the fatigue depends entirely on how you decide to handle your physical and mental health.Fatigues can be caused by a multitude of factors, mainly divided into two different segments. They are physical causes and mental causes. If you’re looking to be more productive, read on.The next time the sudden feeling of being overly tired hits you, you’d know what to do to deal with the issue at hand .The Top Causes of Fatigue:Lifestyle changes and physical health issues are the primary fatigue drivers. Mental health and stress is also a significant cause that might be making you feel fatigued. We’ll try to break down the reasons for you here.Don’t Forget the Lifestyle FactorsHow you live your life can tell how fatigued you become at the end of the day. Here are a few warning signs and things that can cause excessive fatigue.1. Excessive physical exertionWhile it feels great to physically exert yourself as much as you can to reach your fullest potential in life, it is essential to keep a check on how much you actually end up using yourself. Keep an achievable target in mind and do not overestimate the power of your body.Also, in case you do end up over-exerting yourself, try to take a break. Health comes way before anything else that you might want to do.2. Absolute Zero Physical ActivitiesLike too much of a good thing is never a good idea, neither is not indulging in any ph ysical activities and remaining to be a couch potato. Nope. That wouldn’t do at all.Zero physical activities lead to extreme drowsiness where your body ends up experiencing fatigue due to absolute lack of physical activities. That is again not as healthy as your body needs to burn up the carbs that you intake as part of your diet somehow.3. Not Getting Adequate SleepThis is the most common cause of fatigue and is a complaint that is made by almost everyone, be it a student or a working professional. Chances are you have complained about experiencing fatigue because of lack of sleep too. Getting at least 7-8 hours of sleep is mandatory to live a healthy and properly functioning life.4. Being Obese Doesn’t Help EitherBeing obese or being overweight is in itself not good for you, health-wise.Add that to experiencing fatigue, and it’s a definite no-no. Obesity can cause fatigue which will keep you feeling tired often which can later lead to more severe problems. The problem of bei ng obese is also related to not performing enough physical activities and not exercising regularly.Studies have shown that being obese also hampers your sleeping cycle, which can later lead to fatigue. Try to keep a check on your diet and get to doing more regular exercises to keep you fit and sleep for a regular eight hours to avoid being fatigued.5. Periods of Emotional StressIt’s not just physical exertion that can cause fatigue. Wondering about the what if’s and what not’s in life too often? It’s known to cause fatigue too, as internal turmoil doesn’t help you do what you normally would.Have you noticed how if sometimes you are under extreme emotional stress, due to personal or professional commitments, you start feeling extremely fatigued and tired? And extreme emotional stress is not something that is considered healthy.Emotional stress can be caused due to a lot of pressure. Break up with the boyfriend or girlfriend? It can cause emotional stress and heartaches, bot h of which are known to cause stress, and in turn, fatigue.Even if you are moving away from the family, it can cause emotional stress. There many more causes. The best way to alleviate this stress is to meditate or sleep it off. That way the fatigue can be combated gradually. If you see that you aren’t able to deal with stress, try meditation or seek help. Over a longer term, it can lead to depression.6. Too Much of Boredom Isn’t Good for HealthSounds strange? It is not if you really think about it. When you are bored, you are actually not utilizing either your mental faculties or your physical faculties. This actually leads your brain to shut off and start feeling foggy.This again leads your body to experience extreme fatigue. Like it is said, an empty mind is a devil’s workshop. Does not sound that strange right now, does it? Especially when you see that it actually leads you to feel more fatigued.Think about the lazy Sunday afternoons you had during your childhood. Sure, th ey sounded great, but that’s because you had your favourite pal to play with or the storybook you wanted to read. If you just had to sit around in a room the entire day, you wouldn’t have liked it as much, would you?7. Depression Can be a WorryPeople who suffer from depression have a higher chance of suffering from extreme fatigue. Insomnia, where one is sleep deprived for extended periods, is common. Sleep deprivation makes the fatigue much worse, and you start feeling more tired.Being in this state makes you lose all motivation to even complete simple chores like dressing up and going to the washroom. However, fear not. Mental illness is not a crime. There are quite a few doctors who can help you out if only you reach out to them. Speak out about your problems. No one will judge you for that.8. Intake of Excessive Medication especially Anti-depressants and SedativesWhile it is understandable that you might want to take painkillers for a night of proper rest without having to w ake up because of stress, or that taking anti-depressant pills actually helps you fight against your depression, make sure that your intake of these medicines is not very high.It has been proven by many studies that excessive medication makes you weak and tired and actually helps fuel your fatigue.Try exercising and meditating for a healthier way of overcoming your fatigue; it’s a known way to deal with stress.9. Excessive Alcohol Intake Does More Harm than GoodThe question on your mind here might be ‘but doesn’t a glass of alcohol at night actually better my chances of sleeping well, knowing that alcohol has sedative power in it?However, you’d be rather unhappy to know that alcohol actually ends up raising the epinephrine levels in the body which is basically a stress hormone. This ends up spiking the rate of your heartbeat and can make you feel excessively warm at night which will disturb your sleep pattern.In fact, different studies suggest that alcohol causes almost 10% of all insomnia cases. And we know that lack of sleep and fatigue go hand in hand. Try cutting down on the alcohol consumption to help regulate your daily sleep pattern and thereby help keep fatigue at bay.10. Too Much of CaffeineLove to start your day with a cup of coffee? While caffeine provides energy to function correctly while on low amounts of sleep, it is not a free pass to not have a regular and healthy sleep pattern. Too much of caffeine is not fit for the body as it can worsen the condition of the other parts of your body. This will ultimately lead to more fatigue.In the end, too much of caffeine intake actually means that you are delaying what is inevitable. And when the inevitable does occur, you actually end up in a worse situation than before. Therefore, try and avoid caffeine as a substitute to help gain energy.11. Taking Way too Much Hard drugs like Cocaine, Meth, and HeroinStudies suggest that hard drugs like cocaine, meth, and heroin slow down the functioning of th e body and also make you lethargic. In turn, you become fatigued physically and wouldn’t be able to do things you normally would.The recreational drug, while it might seem fun to the user, is actually not so and should be stoically stopped.12. Consuming an unbalanced dietIt will come as no surprise if most of you are reading this article binges on chips, pizza, burgers, soft drinks and more on a regular basis. However, you must know that these items do not contain the requisite amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins that make up a balanced diet.An unbalanced diet does not fulfill your nutrient needs and hence can cause extreme fatigue due to lack of proper nourishment that is needed by your body for its functioning. The only way to correct this would be by consuming a balanced diet daily and taking adequate rest whenever possible.Do note that different diseases can cause fatigue too, and here is a look at a few of them. PHYSICAL HEALTH CONDITIONS PLAY A PA RT TOOHitting the gym does more good than you might think. It helps you stay fresh, and gives your body the energy it needs. Here is how it helps ward off fatigue.1. AnemiaAnemia is known to be one of the most common medical conditions that cause fatigue. Our organs need oxygen to function in the right manner. And when you are anemic, you do not have an adequate number of red blood cells to transfer oxygen to all the body parts that need it on time.Due to the deficiency of iron in the body, it has to put all its faculties to use when it comes to producing and meeting the energy requirement of the body. This causes a lesser amount of energy to reach all the organs, and that results in less energy in the body overall.This causes extreme fatigue in the body. Iron deficiency needs to be removed by eating a healthy and balanced diet.2. ArthritisCells in our body communicate and interact with each other all the while. During these communication periods, the cells produce something called cytokines. The cytokines, in turn, cause inflammation in the cell and thereby arthritis is called Tumor Necrosis Factor or TNF.The inflation in the cell causes fatigue in our body while we are suffering from arthritis. There are certain medications available in the market that help check the inflation or swelling. So, there is nothing to worry about in case you are suffering from fatigue that is caused due to arthritis.3. The common cold and the fluIt is very common for you to notice that a simple infection like the common cold or the flu makes you extremely tired, nauseous and fatigued. This is because the common cold and the flu drains your body of the fluids and lack of fluid causes extreme fatigue.Keep yourself hydrated at all times to avoid getting fatigued or tired. Common cold and flu are widespread causes for fatigue, so there is nothing life-threatening or risky to worry about.4. Anorexia or eating disordersThis one, while a severe medical issue, is a prevalent cause of fat igue due to physical health issues.Anorexia is an eating disorder where the patient is either afraid to eat for fear of getting fat or just ends up puking all that he/ she has eaten. This apart from being a physical condition actually stems from various mental issues and is quite common in people these days.There are rehabilitation centers for patients suffering from anorexia. However, because of the lack of intake of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, fats and more nutrients by the body, there is a lack of energy generation by it which does not allow the body to function correctly. Thus, this puts a lot of pressure on the body of an individual and ends up causing extreme fatigue.5. Addison’s disease which causes a hormonal imbalance in the bodyAddison’s disease is a physical problem which creates a hormonal imbalance in our bodies. It can happen to anyone, irrespective of age and gender.It occurs when the adrenal glands that are present just above our kidneys do not p roduce the necessary amount of the hormone called cortisol and aldosterone. The Addison’s disease is also sometimes referred to as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypercortisolism.The hormone called cortisol actually affects all the organs in our body as it helps regulate the blood pressure of our body as well as the cardiovascular functions in our body. Apart from that it also governs the inflammation of the immune system which is extremely necessary.Most importantly, why the lack of this hormone causes fatigue in our body is that it is used to break down sugar to create energy for the regular functioning of our body. Therefore, in the event of the lack of the presence of this hormone in our body, there is a meager amount of energy that is created in the body which makes you feel fatigued.6. HyperthyroidismIf you are a patient suffering from hyperthyroidism you might often find yourself extremely tired to even go through the very basics for the day. Keeping your eyes open, weari ng clothes, going out to shop for groceries, all these simple little tasks that actually are quite regular and easy to do, seem like a herculean effort. There are many reasons why hyperthyroidism happens.Some of them are lack of sleep when you are suffering from hyperthyroidism. The lack of sleep can also be because of extreme stress, rapidly beating pulse, very high blood pressure, diarrhea, anxiety or many more such issues.Another reason for fatigue can be an excessive intake of medication. This lets your body gets exhausted and leads to the gradual or sudden onset of fatigue.7. DiabetesIf you are a patient suffering from Type 2 diabetes, the feeling of always being tired or fatigued is not new to you.You might be wondering why that is the case. Well, the reason is quite simple. If you are diabetic, there is the possibility of your body creating an excess amount of glucose.Excessive glucose creation in the body leads to dehydration because of the loss of fluid due to frequent urin ation.Surely, if you know someone who is diabetic or is diabetic yourself, you know how much you want to urinate in that stage. The dehydration caused by frequent urination causes fatigue in our bodies.8. Problems with the kidneysIf your kidneys are not functioning as well as they should, there is a possibility that your body is not getting as much oxygen as it needs to create energy for its daily functioning. This is one of the primary reasons why you might be feeling fatigued.Oxygen is an essential component of energy creation, and without the adequate amount of energy created by your body, it is more than evident that you will end up feeling tired and fatigued. Visit a doctor if your symptoms get too severe.9. Autoimmune DisorderAn autoimmune disorder is a disorder in which your immune system does not function as effectively as it should. This leads to chronic fatigue syndrome. In this syndrome, while also having the autoimmune disease you end up always being super tired, and the re is a constant pain in your body.There is a certain tenderness that can be felt all over your body and there are continuous stiffness and fatigue. There are no known causes for this disease, but if it gets too out of hand, it is always best to consult with your personal physician.10. Problems with the liverWhy issues with the liver also results in fatigue have so far not been entirely understood by experts. However, it has been estimated that it has to do something with hormonal imbalance as well.The liver is one of the most critical parts of the digestive system and without proper digestion; there is a possibility of the body being dehydrated. This leads to extreme fatigue and tiredness in the body.CONCLUSIONFatigue can happen due to different reasons. While a few of them are very common and can be easily treated with proper diet and a good sleep, many of these require you to pay a visit to your doctor. However, there is not really a lot to worry about.Invest time in yourself wit h a simple few lifestyle changes, and ensure that you feel good about yourself.

Writing Workshops and the Issues of Race

Issues of race are one of the most sensitive topics in modern society, and people have to deal with them in all kinds of environments, including writing workshops. But what does it entail? In what ways the questions of race arise during these discussions and how do they influence their results? To begin with, writers of color, be they students or professors, face a dilemma: on the one hand, they feel kind of obligated to speak up when the issue of race arises (after all, it is the issue of their identity, and they are supposed to be sensitive about it); on the other hand, they resent this responsibility (after all, don’t we live in the world where these issues should have already been resolved?). While the majority of issues discussed at workshops are universal and can be perceived in the same way by anyone, there are cases in which some people have their own positions, defined not by their points of view, but by different life experiences. For example, a deaf man perceives the world in a way completely different from a man with normal hearing, and no amount of explanations will allow one of them to get into the shoes of another. They are simply different, have different perceptions of life and can only share their views but never fully understand each other. The same goes for race. A person of color perceives the world in a way different from that of a white person; it doesn’t mean that he is worse off or better off, he is just different, and when it comes to the experiences, the chances are he simply knows better. However, it is exactly what a lot of people don’t seem to understand. There are numerous cases when writers of color are told during these workshops that their characters are not what they are supposed to be – because they have a preconception that, for example, a Hindu character should be exactly like this, they cannot accept it to be different, even though this character is created by a writer of Hindu origin who is likely to have more insight into it. On the other hand, sometimes the very fact that race is such a sensitive topic does a disservice to proper depiction of these issues. A lot of workshop leaders tend to avoid discussing race altogether for the simple reason that in modern world it is all too easy to offend someone. Thus, race becomes a taboo topic and popular misconceptions grow even stronger. Either way, the color-blindness, the presupposed ideal of our society, becomes the first victim. If a person of color is asked to contribute during a workshop, all too often he is asked for exactly this reason – to get an opinion of a minority, not because his point of view is interesting or valuable in and of itself, but because it comes from him. All this shows that we still have a long way to go.

Essay about Medias Effect on Societys Perspectives

More so than any other aspects of modern life, the mass media determines the public opinions on issues in the United States and around the world. Many different forms of media exist in developed nations along with many assessments about each of these innovations and their respective impacts on society. As with all sociological issues, there exist four major divisions of perspective: the interactionalist, functionalist, feminist, and conflict theorists. Each of these groups shares a few opinion connections with the others but all employ their own unequivocal views which establish them distinctly from one another. From Johannes Gutenbergs printing press ushering in the Renaissance to Timothy Berners-Lees—the MIT professor often†¦show more content†¦Another positively perceived postulation by interactionalists also starts with the television but for younger viewers; interactionalists consider certain programming for children as possibly doubling in use as a playmate/babysitter. Despite disagreements between the overall effects of early childhood television viewing, it seems that nearly every expert suggests very limited time allotments for children. Functionalist theorists, especially, worry about the impact violent TV shows and twenty thousand commercials per year have on children at the elementary school age. The twenty thousand commercials seem almost moot when compared to the amount of product placement throughout the history of television and movies. Sometimes the promotion of consumption goes unnoticed—takes place subliminally—while other times, the programming has much more obvious advertising. The media effect that probably most concerns functionalists however, stems from an overabundance of forced news. â€Å"Narcotizing Dysfunction† refers to this phenomenon by which one becomes desensitized to certain stories due to copious news coverage. On the surface, desensitization may not sound like a horrible thing but when wholly examined, one can see that narcotizing dysfunction leads to inactivity on the part of someone who could potentially help an issue. The reason forShow MoreRelatedMedias Effect on Societys Perspectives Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world. Many different forms of media exist in developed nations along with many assessments about each of these innovations and their respective impacts on society. As with all sociological issues, there exist four major divisions of perspective: the interactionalist, functionalist, feminist, and conflict theorists. Each of these groups shares a few opinion connections with the others but all employ t heir own unequivocal views which establish them distinctly from one another. From JohannesRead MoreMedias Effect on Societys Perspectives Essay1910 Words   |  8 Pagesaround the world. Many different forms of media exist in developed nations along with many assessments about each of these innovations and their respective impacts on society. As with all sociological issues, there exist four major divisions of perspective: the interactionalist, functionalist, feminist, and conflict theorists. Each of these groups shares a few opinion connections with the others but all employ their own unequivocal views which establish them distinctly from one another. From JohannesRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society s Attitude Toward Pointing Out An Apparent Ongoing Struggle Between Whites And Blacks1668 Words   |  7 Pagesracism doesn’t exist, or imply that racist-motivated incidents don’t occur; however, the media’s representation of the news strongly influences society’s attitude towards racism. 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This bias coverageRead More Media And Politics: Agenda Setting And Framing Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesnews coverage influences the importance of political issues on society. The ranking of media issues and society’s ranking suggest that the media influence the public (Weaver, 1996). The importance of an issue may rests on its time slot, sequence in the news story, or in the advertisement for the news. Another way media frames political issues is inserting media’s own position on the issue. The media’s position tends to be more liberal and promotes more democratic policies and issues. This bias coverageRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Theory On The Public Agenda1076 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive analysis of the agenda-setting theory, agenda setting includes three levels or psychological processes: basic agenda setting, attribute agenda setting and network agenda setting. 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Likewise, society implies that women should act and dress feminine which causes long term damage by women constructing a habit of fear or judgment and consequently perceiving it as normal for society to stress their expectations. Media’s viewpoint is focused on physical and emotional appearance in public. In other words, acting sentimental or fragile and speaking lovely according to society invokes labels on what a true women is; beauty in women is equal to femininity. Women shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?1580 Words   |  7 Pagescausing serious mental health issues such as paranoia†, he said. The kids have no problem getting it, he said. A lot of them describe themselves as being superman [on ice], he said. The price is going down and the quality is going up. However the Media’s representation of the drug and regarding young people make it seem as if there is a crisis forming the media is often to be accused of brain washing society through the descr iptive ways of labelling different groups of society however Australia isRead MoreHow Media Affects Society Essay938 Words   |  4 Pageshappening in other parts of the world. Just as important as the facts the media chooses to reveal, the tone and manner in which the media presents these facts plays a large role on societys take on events. The tone in which the media presents the facts in can be hostile, neutral or in favour. The tone can affect societys view on the situation, resulting in either a positive or negative reaction. As seen on May 10th when thousands of Tamils met on Torontos Gardiner Expressway, for almost 4 hours

Purpose of Social Studies in Schools Free Essays

What is social studies? * Social studies is the integrated study of social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Social studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawn upon such disciplines as anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion and sociology as well as a appropriate content from the humanities and natural sciences. The goals of social studies 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of Social Studies in Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fostering attitudes and identifying values Values are ends or ideas which are held by a person. They are the standards or codes which direct our actions. Attitudes are directly derived from values. Our values determine how we behave, each person or society have different values. The teaching of positive values is important because it teaches children to value themselves and also their environment. Children copies values from the people around them mostly adults. Displaying good attitudes will teach children respect for truth, respect for truth, reasoning, enquire and freedom to make choices. . Developing skills Developing skills helps individual to understanding the world around them and help them to cope with it. This skill helps individuals develop proper problem solving skills. It is important for citizens to have information or fact about where they live and the people in their environment. This will help them to understand major issues in their local, national and global communities. There are two types of skills to be developed, intellectual skills and social skills. The skills of critical thought (intellectual skills) provides for: Grasping the meaning of a statement or action, Separating fact from fiction/opinion, Assessing the relevance of the facts, Assessing the reliability to the facts, Judging whether sufficient information is available, Finding out what factors influence the situation, Recognizing all possible actions that could be taken, Deducting the possible and Deciding which the best solution is. Social skills are human-relations skills which are needed for effective functioning of a group. They imply a concern for the feelings of others in the group and can be taught effectively by group work experiences which require participants: To cooperate with others to achieve common goals, To practice reaching consensus, To willingly explain and support their viewpoint, To express disagreement in a friendly way, to listen to and seriously consider the suggestions of others, to develop empathy with other people and to develop self-discipline and responsibility 3. Establishing knowledge and understanding Every person living in a country need to have basic information or facts about the society they live in or in other words the world they live in. This is the background for understanding their own experiences. The learner will acquire strategies to analyze, interpret, create, and use resources and materials. Knowledge and understanding of the past enable us to analyze the causes and consequences of events and developments, and to place these in the context of the institutions, values and beliefs of the periods in which they took place. Study of the past makes us aware of the ways in which human beings have viewed themselves, their societies and the wider world at different periods of time. There are a few objectives; Use map and globe reading skills, Interpret graphs and charts, Detect bias, Interpret social and political messages of cartoons and Interpret history through artifacts, arts, and media. 4. Promoting social participation Social studies are primarily concerned with preparing citizens who are equipped with the knowledge and possess the skills to participate in affairs of society. In our Jamaican society we have a democratic system, it is important for every eligible citizen to participate in the election of our leader. The knowledge contained in social studies programmes provides pupils with information, develop the understanding they will need to play these roles a adults and to make reasoned and informed decisions. At the same time, the activities and experience provided in the programmes enable the development of a range of values attitudes and skills such as reading and study skills as well as intellectual and social skills. Knowledge, values, attitudes and skills are necessary for active participation in civic affairs. These skills provide the link between knowledge and values and attitudes which make participatory action possible. Justify the place of social studies in the primary school curriculum. Personally I think social studies are out on the back burner too often; more emphasis should be place on this subject area. Social studies help children to develop their identity. The study of individual development and identity will help students to describe factors important to the development of personal identity. They will explore the influence of peoples, places, and environments on personal development. Students will hone personal skills such as demonstrating self-direction when working towards and accomplishing personal goals, and making an effort to understand others and their beliefs, feelings, and convictions. I believe social studies should be part of the curriculum for the purpose of helping students understand human interactions that occurred in the past, and occurring now, and that are likely to occur in the future. The reasons for these understandings is to help students develop and nurture values that will make it more likely that they will be able to determine for any situation what the right thing is and do it, especially when the right thing is hard to do. Since we live in a society, having a deep knowledge of society helps a person to be a better citizen to any country. For the younger generation to grow up to become humane, it is important that the generation is exposed to different societies. It is necessary to show them differences in lifestyles that people around the world have. Learning how to apply civic ideals as part of citizen action is essential to the exercise of democratic freedoms and the pursuit of the common good. Through social studies programs, students acquire a historical and contemporary understanding of the basic freedoms and rights of citizens in a democracy, and learn about the institutions and practices that support and protect these freedoms and rights, as well as the important historical documents that articulate them. Students also need to become familiar with civic ideals and practices in countries other than our democratic republic Children need to be exposed to various social aspects of mankind and made to understand the different aspects of social behavior. It is necessary to make children realize their duty towards society. Social studies are an important subject because of its main purpose, creating good citizen. It aims at creating educated individuals who can grow up to be responsible citizen of their nation. The study of social studies intends to build creative, caring and courteous human beings out of children. Teaching our children social studies increase the possibility of their becoming knowledgeable individuals. Teaching them social studies increases chances that they will adhere to ethical and moral values in their life, for positively contributing members of their communities. We want children to gain the ability to become independent in every aspect. We most certainly want children to be knowledgeable about the world they live in. This goal of developing â€Å"good citizen’’ is vast, but so is the impact we as teachers will have on children in adulthood. It is through the teaching of social studies that we can shape our students into citizens worthy of respect. The knowledge contained in social studies provides children with information, develop the understandings they will need to play these roles as adults and to make reasoned and informed decisions. It develops values, attitudes and skills such as reading and studying, as well as intellectual and social skills. In the early grades, students are introduced to civic ideals and practices through activities such as helping to set classroom expectations, examining experiences in relation to ideals, participating in mock elections, and determining how to balance the needs of individuals and the group. During these years, children also experience views of citizenship in other times and places through stories and drama. By the middle grades, students expand their knowledge of democratic ideals and practices, along with their ability to analyze and evaluate the relationships between these ideals and practices. They are able to see themselves taking civic roles in their communities. The study of people, places, and environments enables us to understand the relationship between human populations and the physical world. Students learn where people and places are located and why they are there. They examine the influence of physical systems, such as climate, weather and seasons, and natural resources, such as land and water, on human populations. They study the causes, patterns and effects of human settlement and migration, learn of the roles of different kinds of population centers in a society, and investigate the impact of human activities on the environment. This enables them to acquire a useful basis of knowledge for informed decision-making on issues arising from human-environmental relationships. Another purpose of this subject is to help children deal with problems. Today’s children are faced with a lot of problems in schools and in their homes. Children are being abused and subjected to domestic violence. Children are in gangs and on drugs. These are some of the challenges children have to deal with in their everyday lives. The ability of problem solving is probably the most important skill any person should have. Children will also be more capable of making wise decisions. Young learners begin by prioritizing their economic wants vs. needs. They explore economic decision-making as they compare their own economic experiences with those of others and consider the wider consequences of those decisions on groups, communities, the nation, and beyond. In the middle grades, learners expand their knowledge of economic concepts and principles, and use economic reasoning processes in addressing issues related to fundamental economic questions. Most people think of history when they think of social studies. History plays a large role in social studies. History examines the forces of change and continuity. Its study enables us to understand the relationship between the present and the past and the mistakes and the triumphs that this world that this world has been through. Students are required to learn about the past in order to provide them with a context for today’s society and current events. As the popular Jamaican term goes â€Å"you have to know where you are coming from to know where you are going†. History lessons also provide students with valuable role models such as Martin Luther King. These are just some of the importance or social studies in the curriculum. Social studies course work # 1 1. Introduction†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. What is social studies? (3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Identify and discuss the goals of social studies? (12)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. Justify the place of social studies in the primary school curriculum. (10)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. How to cite Purpose of Social Studies in Schools, Papers

ATM Information Security for Computers & Security- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theATM Information Security for Computers Security. Answer: The example of confidentiality, integrity, and availability are defined below: Confidentiality: The confidentiality that is to be provided for the ATM card generally is to keep the data or information that are stored in the ATM card secured and kept private from any other intruders. The information in the card should not reach in the hand of unauthorized person. Confidentiality gives the surety that the information that is transferred reaches only to the authorized user (Kim et al., 2015). The data in the ATM card is to be kept private. Example including in the confidentiality gives surety that the pin of the ATM card, CVV number and the card number is made secret and needed to be kept secret throughout the lifetime of the card. Integrity: There is a necessity in the ATM card that information is to be kept same as transmitted by the sender. The information involved in the ATM card should be altered while transmission (He Wang, 2015). The process of integrity maintains the consistency, trustworthiness, and the accuracy of the information. All certain measure are to be involved providing the integrity security of the information in a transaction process. Many data integrity controls are taken to keep the information safe throughout the transaction process (Siponen, Mahmood Pahnila, 2014). Examples of integrity measures that can be taken are the process of encryption. Encryption is done to keep the data integrity in case there is some accidental reason for data breach. Availability: Availability includes all data and information involved in the system are to be present with the user so that the user do not face any kind of problem while the transaction process is going on. It is also to be kept in mind that the information is available only with the authenticated user (Ciuffo Weiss, 2017). Any unauthorized users do not use the information of other users. This will lead to insecurity of the data available with the user (Thomas, Vinod Robinson, 2017). The availability of the information can be made secured by keeping backup for the data to be kept secret. Ina system, there can be a denial-of-attack by some unauthenticated user that can be mitigated by backup process or the encryption process. The given case study states that a thief broke in the ATM and the thief was successful in jamming the card reader of the machine (De Luca et al, 2015). As a result, of jamming the ATM card reader, the user who wants a transaction will not be able to take out the card from the ATM machine. The thief also destroyed the machine by destroying the keypad of the machine, in which the user enters the pin. But, while he was working on the keypad, a customer arrives the center to withdraw cash. The thief was successful in destroying five keys, and five keys were left undestroyed. The customer who came to the machine was successful in his transaction (Layton, 2016). But, after collecting the cash, the customer was unable to take out the card as the card reader was jammed. While the customer was out for help, the thief tried to discover the pin and take out some cash from the account. The total number of possibility that the thief can input with the five keys available can be done by combining all the possibilities. The digits in a ATM pin is 4 and with the five keys good, the maximum number of possibilities that the thief can attempt is 5P4 = 5! / (5-4)! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 = 120 possible outcomes. But, the security of the ATM does not allow the user for so many attempt. As per the security of ATM machine, the maximum times a user can enter wrong pin is three times. If a customer enters three consecutive wrong pins, then the card will be blocked and the customer has to call the Customer Care of the bank to unblock, or will have to wait for 24 hours for the card to block (Alaskar, Vodanovich Shen, 2015). Therefore, coincidently if the thief becomes successful in giving the correct pin, he will be successful to collect some cash. But, he will not be able to enter 120 attempts for determining the correct pin of the ATM card. There can be many reasons due to which users finds the biometric system a secured one. Out of all the advantages that biometric provides, three of the most important advantages are listed below: 1) The administrative cost of a user or an organization is cut less. The installation process of biometric is very less and does not much maintenance as there is no use of paper and much of the work is done automatically by the system itself (Chen, Pande Mohapatra, 2014). Also, to maintain the system of biometric, no such training is required as it does not need any professionals to handle the system. 2) Improves the return investment as this authentication system gives security for accuracy, the misuse of resources is basically reduced, and the accountability is also increased for the information stored in the system (Ogbanufe Kim, 2017). 3) The system of biometric security is the most secured system that is available for authentication. As, the biometric system deals with the physical parts of the human body, there is no chance of being theft and biometric of all humans are different from each other. There are many circumstances where false negative rates are more than the false positive rates. False negative rate increases when the system cannot detect the data of an authenticated user and rejects their authentication (Barbosa Silva, 2015). One of the instances, which can describe that false negative rate is more than that of false negative is the result of a test. In a diagnosis test result, the system can wrongly deny the test report as a wrong one due to some technical error in the database. False positive is a situation where the system of biometric detects an unauthorized user as an authorized one wrongly. The rate of false positive is comparatively less than the false positive rate. Many algorithm processes are there in security system, by which a cipher text can be encrypted or decrypted similar to that of the transposition method (Ab Rahman Choo, 2015). The other methods that work same like transposition method are Caesar Shift Method, Columnar Transposition Method, Substitution Method, Baconian Method and many more. The encrypted key given in the question is: NTJWKHXK AMK WWUJJYZTX MWKXZKUHE To decrypt the text, two methods are used in this solution. Firstly, by substitution method followed by Caesar Cipher shifting by 3. The numeric values of the total encrypted key are determined to proceed with the solution. Then, with the key 234 given, in a continuous way substitution method is applied. After substitution method, Caesar Cipher method is applied of back shifting by three. The desired result of the given encrypted text is given below: Text given N T J W K H X K Values of the alphabet 14 20 10 23 11 8 24 11 Key applied 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Substitution method 12 17 6 21 8 4 22 8 Caesar cipher decryption by 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Numeric value of decrypted text 9 14 3 18 5 1 19 5 Decrypted Text I N C R E A S E Text given A M K Values of the alphabet 1 13 11 Key applied 4 2 3 Substitution method 23 11 8 Caesar cipher decryption by 3 3 3 3 Numeric value of decrypted text 20 8 5 Decrypted Text T H E Text given W W U J J Y Z T X Values of the alphabet 23 23 21 10 10 25 26 20 24 Key applied 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Substitution method 19 21 18 6 8 22 22 18 21 Caesar cipher decryption by 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Numeric value of decrypted text 16 18 15 3 5 19 19 15 18 Decrypted Text P R O C E S S O R Text given M W K X Z K U H E Values of the alphabet 13 23 11 24 26 11 21 8 5 Key applied 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Substitution method 9 21 8 20 24 8 17 6 2 Caesar cipher decryption by 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Numeric value of decrypted text 6 18 5 17 21 5 14 3 25 Decrypted Text F R E Q U E N C Y So, after the decryption, the text that is determined is INCREASE THE PROCESSOR FREQUENCY References Ab Rahman, N. H., Choo, K. K. R. (2015). A survey of information security incident handling in the cloud.Computers Security,49, 45-69. Alaskar, M., Vodanovich, S., Shen, K. N. (2015, January). Evolvement of Information Security Research on Employees' Behavior: A Systematic Review and Future Direction. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 4241-4250). IEEE. Barbosa, F. G., Silva, W. L. S. (2015, November). Support vector machines, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and the Discrete Cosine Transform applied on voice based biometric authentication. InSAI Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys), 2015(pp. 1032-1039). IEEE. Chen, S., Pande, A., Mohapatra, P. (2014, June). Sensor-assisted facial recognition: an enhanced biometric authentication system for smartphones. InProceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services(pp. 109-122). ACM. Ciuffo, F., Weiss, G. M. (2017, October). Smartwatch-based transcription biometrics. InUbiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), 2017 IEEE 8th Annual(pp. 145-149). IEEE. De Luca, A., Hang, A., Von Zezschwitz, E., Hussmann, H. (2015, April). I feel like I'm taking selfies all day!: towards understanding biometric authentication on smartphones. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 1411-1414). ACM. He, D., Wang, D. (2015). Robust biometrics-based authentication scheme for multiserver environment.IEEE Systems Journal,9(3), 816-823. Kim, H., Park, J., Lee, J., Ryou, J. (2015). Biometric authentication technology trends in smart device environment. InMobile and Wireless Technology 2015(pp. 199-206). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Layton, T. P. (2016).Information Security: Design, implementation, measurement, and compliance. CRC Press. Ogbanufe, O., Kim, D. J. (2017). Comparing fingerprint-based biometrics authentication versus traditional authentication methods for e-payment.Decision Support Systems. Siponen, M., Mahmood, M. A., Pahnila, S. (2014). Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information management,51(2), 217-224. Thomas, K. P., Vinod, A. P., Robinson, N. (2017, March). Online Biometric Authentication Using Subject-Specific Band Power features of EEG. InProceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy(pp. 136-141). ACM.

Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Essays - Cultural Anthropologists

Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead After high school, Ruth Benedict took a year off to travel overseas. Upon returning home she was unsure of what she wanted to do with her life. Years later, she married Stanley Benedict, a Biochemistry Professor at Cornell Medical School. In the fall of 1919, Ruth went back to school and began to focus more on anthropology. She studied under the famous diffusionist Franz Boas and became his assistant. Ruth taught Margaret Mead. Ruth and Margaret became good friends and developed a shared need of each other. Ruth concentrated most of her efforts on researching and studying different cultures on which many of her writings were based. She wrote of the differences between the cultures around the world and talked about different patterns related to culture and behavior. Ruth was very talented in summarizing and clearly arranging facts which were characteristic of her writings and ultimately her approach to anthropology; this, perhaps, may be the reason many of her reviews were published in professional papers and magazines throughout her career. Ruth Benedict was a very important figure in early anthropology and even more so in cultural anthropology. She was one of the first female anthropologists of her time. Her books serve as a referral of humanistic thought in the 20th century. Ruth Benedict has helped shape the discipline of anthropology not only in the United States, but also for the rest of the world. After a year at Depauw University at Greencastle, Indiana, Margaret Mead, entered Barnard College, Columbia University. It was here that she decided to make anthropology her major. She later received her B.A. degree. She also got her M.A. degree in psychology. In 1929, she received her Ph.D. Dr. Margaret Mead is a specialist in what she herself describes as ?conditioning of the social personalities of both sexes.? She had several field trips. First, she was in the Samoan Islands and than the Manus tribe of the Admiralty Islands in the West Pacific Ocean. In 1930, Dr. Mead went to study an American Indian Tribe the identity that is hidden by the name of ?the Antlers? in her book noting her findings and conclusions. Between 1931 and 1933, Dr. Mead went in the New Guinea area to do research on three contrasted tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, and the Tchumbuli. For three years, starting in 1936, Dr. Mead was busy on fieldwork in Bali and New Guinea. She has always found her profession so different that she has not felt the need for a hobby; she reportedly enjoys the theater and reads good poetry.

Teacher who changed my life Essays

Teacher who changed my life Essays Teacher who changed my life Essay Teacher who changed my life Essay Teacher Life is unexpected experience, so full of surprises that nobody knows what will happen the very next moment, especially when you meet a person who has the ability to change your life in complete way. Most of us have met a teacher during our lifetime in school that made a difference and touched our lives in some way to make it better and to open our eyes for success. I remember when the first day of high school started. I was very nervous and stressed, scared to the point that I didnt want to be at the school. I had six classes that I had to attend that day. At the end of the afternoon, I walked in my last class and it was Social Studies. I usually dont like this subject but the teacher started to change the way I thought about social studies. Her name was Mrs.. Jennifer Smith she impressed me the way she was confident, and she told us about her story from high school to college and the success that she gained over the years of studying also the fears that she had. The bell rang, and the class is over. I stayed after class to talk to her about how I feel and how stressed I was about school. She was very nice and she welcomed me. She said Im here for you anytime . I introduced myself to her , and I told her how lonely I felt being in school and that I had no one to talk to which make me feel really awkward, plus that wasnt everything I was afraid of. I was worried about my classes too because they seemed a little hard. We talked for about an hour. She was a very good listener. She gave me a lot of advice that I needed at that time, and she told me to come to her whenever I feel like I need someone to talk to. I came back home really happy and confident. Everything I felt earlier had disappeared. My homework was perfectly done, and I was excited to start my next day of high school and meet Mrs.. Jennifer again. Years of high school was about to be over. Mrs.. Jennifer walked me to senior year even though I had one class with her. Through those three years she taught me a lot of stuff. She made from me a man for life, she opened my eyes for a bright future, and made me feel so special, but that wasnt everything. When senior year started, I were in need of help and I went to her. I wasnt sure if Im going right after I graduate from high school I will go right after to college and I really wanted to know if I did the right thing or not. She gave me the best words that actually convinced me to decide what I should do after graduation. She said through the years that I knew you, I have always seen you as a successful guy that has good head on his shoulders, I want you to go to college and prove to yourself and to me and everybody that you will never fail or take a step back Mrs.. Jennifer has changed my whole life, because of everything she did for me and that I actually listened to her advice. She played the part where I choose to attend college and look forward to be successful as I made a promise with her. Mrs.. Jennifer wasnt Just a teacher for me, but she was like a mother who really cares about her son, and she wanted to see me in a good place all he time where I can find the happiness and Joy in my life. Thats how I see her in my eyes. Maybe that could be Just a little about how I feel about her because she is indescribable person to me. I will never forget the experience that I had with her and what she taught me through high school years. Sometimes people appear in our lives suddenly, and they flip it upside down. They change us for better ones, and thats what Mrs.. Jennifer did for my life. I couldnt be more thankful than any day in my life for having her. She shaped my life in Just a way that should be shaped.

Decision Making Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision Making Method - Essay Example An advantage of the benefit-cost framework is that it leads to a positive or negative (or zero) number for each program or practice evaluated and, therefore, does not require knowledge of a cost-effectiveness cutoff level to decide whether a particular practice should be undertaken. Finally, a limitation of both approaches is that the benefits and costs to individual members of society need to be aggregated. If the equitable distribution benefits and costs across individuals or groups are of concern, a single cost-effectiveness measure will not do. However, as economists are wont to argue, over large numbers of programs and practices the inequities are likely to even themselves out and, with some exceptions, may reasonably be ignored. The main steps in this model include (1) identification of main problems and possible solutions to these problems, (2) analysis of financial costs and financial benefits of proposed programs, (3) selection of the best decision. The first step is a search for alternative solution. The first solution is to buy computers for the training classroom. The second solution is to use company's computers located in different department. The third alternative is to rent a training classroom (in college or university) for the training program. When generating alternative methods for solving the problem, decision makers must determine whether the decision problem should be solved by a single individual or by a group of individuals. Groups usually take more time to make decisions than do individuals; however, group decision methods allow for the pooling of information from many difference sources, which can be particularly beneficial when dealing with ill-structured problems requiring the synthesis of novel solutions. In this case, the decision to find the best solution will involve employees and management. In many situations, members of a group tend to develop an illusion of invulnerability that may encourage excessive optimism and risk taking. Another result of groupthink is that members of a group who express opposing views may be pressured by other group members and ostracized if they resist (Stacey, 1996). The second step is analysis of financial costs and financial benefits of both programs. If we assume that one computer costs $1,250 and the training room needs 10 computers, the company should invest $12,500 in new equipment. Also, installation and cabling will cost $2,500, and support software - $6,500, and 1 server - $2,000. The second solution is to use company's computers located in different department will help to save money spent on new equipment but will cost company the value of time lost from work. It is important to note that to value life years and quality of life in dollars, the traditional approach is to use the annual earnings of a worker as a measure of the value of a productive year of life. The rationale is that society, including the individual in question, would lose potential consumption of goods and services in proportion to lost productivity. Once benefits and costs have been somehow expressed in dollar terms, net benefits are derived as the difference between the two. If the company follows the second approach it will save some money during the first training period. If we assume that the training on software tools takes 10 weeks (2 hours per day (5 working

Talent Planning in Operation of Business Coursework

Talent Planning in Operation of Business - Coursework Example It will also devise an induction plan covering important areas of management, timelines, and the roles of persons involved, as well as an induction programme for the new Manager’s first three months. The Queensland University of Technology has produced a document on Developing Workplace Induction, from which the Committee has borrowed some purposes and benefits of induction. These are to provide information, resources, and motivation for new employees. Information on the company’s policies, goals, and values, are vital during an employee’s first three months. These can aid the development of self-confidence and loyalty towards the company. Resources, such as a comfortable working environment, materials, tools, and personnel to assist the new employee, would be prepared beforehand. Without those resources, the employee could not reasonably function effectively or efficiently. Persons with whom he can liaise and consult for any clarification, greatly assist the employee to develop a sense of belonging. This will motivate him to seek training and contribute to the growth of the company. As the employee becomes confident that he has joined the right company, a good rapp ort is likely to develop among himself, his supervisor, and his colleagues. They can learn from him, he can adopt the company’s culture, and so the entire organization benefits in the end. The main purpose of developing an induction plan, and involving each department, is that the document can be a guide for the new employee. Feedback from department members is therefore very important. The Plan should allow the new member to practice new skills and use the new information gained. It should, therefore, have timelines for working, training, and assessment. Long before the employee arrives, the person who will greet, welcome, introduce him to colleagues, provide the training manual, and explain basic job functions on his first day, should all be in place. During his first month, a supervisor  should maintain contact, explaining rules, expanding training, assessing performance, and providing feedback on strengths and weaknesses.  

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle

Plasmodium Falciparum Life Cycle Malaria is one of the world leading causes of death, especially among people living in sub-Sahara Africa and other tropical regions. Of the five species of the genus Plasmodium, the malaria protozoan parasite, known to infect Man, Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria. Over the years, chemotherapy has played central role in the strategies towards the eradication of this disease. However, ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs and to pyrathroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. This review presents an overview of the life cycle of the causative organism (P. falciparum), the efforts at controlling the disease and the molecular and cellular basis of the infection, with special emphasis on molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins family as critical components of the parasite intra-erythr ocytic development and survival. The motivation for the present work is also presented. 1.1 Introduction Malaria, whose pathogen is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, is both preventable and curable, but yet still impacting negatively on the health of millions of people and account for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Sahara Africa (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Five species of the genus Plasmodium, the protozoan parasites, responsible for malaria infection are known to infect humans. They are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. It has been proposed that P. ovale consist of two species (Cox-Singh, 2010) and that zoonosis is the medium through which P. knowlesi infect humans (White, 2008). Of these, P. falciparum and P. vivax are numerically most important, with the former responsible for the most virulent, severe and dangerous form of human malaria (Greenwood et al., 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated a total of 216 million episodes of malaria in 2010 with at least 655 000 deaths, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years. Malaria was reported to be prevalent in 99 countries with an estimated 3.3 billion people at risk. Though, supports by international donors has led to rapid decrease in malaria mortality, especially among adults in Africa, Murray et al., (2012) contended that the malaria mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated and that for the necessary elimination and eradication to be achieved at larger scale, there is an urgent need for more supports. Factors, such as lack ofsanitation, malnutrition, lack or reduced access to medications, poverty and the location of many of the poor countries affected by malaria in the tropical zones, all combined together to create an enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though pre ventive approaches such as good sanitation and distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) (Curtis et al., 2006), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, chemotherapy remains the most widely used approach. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007) has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Malaria parasite life cycle is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. However, the clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The intra-erythrocytic survival and development of the parasite as well as the pathology of the infection are linked to structural and functional remodeling of the host cell through the export of parasite-encoded proteins (Botha et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2002; Pesce Blatch, 2009; Przyborski Lanzer, 2005). Meanwhile, attempts have been made to present an extensive description of the protein interaction network for P. falciparum (LaCount et al., 2005) and about 300 parasite-encoded proteins are predicted to be exported (Marti et al., 2004; Sargeant et al., 2006). Among the exported proteins are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein family (Nya lwidhe Lingelbach, 2006). Molecular chaperone are a family of proteins that function to stabilize proteins, facilitate their translocation across intracellular membranes, their degradation, and ensure that proteins in a cell are properly folded and functional (Hartl Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Hartl, 1996). PFA0660w belongs to an extended family of Hsp40 proteins predicted to be transported by the parasite into the host cell (Hiller et al., 2004; Marti et al., 2005; Sargeant et al., 2006). It is a Type II Hsp40 protein, said to be homologous to human DnaJB4, a cytosolic type II Hsp40, known to interact with human Hsp70 to facilitate protein folding, transport and assembly (Botha et al., 2007). Recent studies have localized PFA0660w into structures in the infected erythrocyte, called the J-dots (Kulzer et al., 2010); said to be exported in complex with P. falciparum Hsp70-x (PfHsp70-x) into the J dots (Kulzer et al., 2012) and failure to obtain a viable PFA0660w-knocked-out parasite (Maier et al., 2008), suggests that it may be essential for the survival of the parasite in the infected erythrocytes and therefore a potential target for drug action. 1.2 Malaria Infection 1.2.1 Background information Malaria, though curable and preventable, remains a life-threatening disease that was noted in more than 4,000 years ago and has being responsible for millions of death. World Health Organization (WHO) listed malaria among the most important infectious diseases of the tropics and form part of the sixth millennium development goal (MDG 6) (WHO | MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 2012). The target 6C of MDG 6 is to bring malaria and other major diseases to a halt by 2015 and begin to reverse their incidences. Strategies advocated by WHO to combat malaria includes prevention with the use of long-lasting insecticides treated bed-nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying, and rapid treatment with effective anti-malarial medicines with special focus on pregnant women and young children. WHO Roll Back Malaria further recommends that to control Plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy, in addition to individual protection with ITNs and prompt management of anaemia and m alaria using effective anti-malaria drugs, intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) or chemoprophylaxis should be encouraged (WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Though, the World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 Malaria reports (WHO | World Malaria Report 2011, 2012) estimated at least 655 000 deaths as a result of malaria infection, mostly in Africa and among children under the age of 5 years, the mortality burden may actually be larger than previously estimated, thus, the need for improved supports by the funding organization to be able to achieve the much needed malaria elimination and eradication (Murray et al., 2012). Malaria is caused by the transmission of parasites to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal. Plasmodium falciparum is known to be responsible for high rate of mortality, especially among children in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly under age 5 years (Breman, 2001; Greenwood et al., 2008; Hay et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2006; Snow et al., 2005). Apart from the fact that many of the countries that are mostly affected are located in the tropical region of the world, increasing level of poverty, with its attendant economic consequences, coupled with lack of or improper sanitation and reduced access to prompt medication are factors that are creating enabling environment for the disease to thrive. Though preventive approaches such as the use of insecticide treated bed nets, IPTp and chemoprophylaxis with good sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), have been employed as strategy towards the eradication of this disease, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. However, notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infe ction (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, have also been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). 1.2.2 Life Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria parasite life cycle (Figure 1.1) is a complex mechanism involving two hosts, human and female Anopheles mosquitoes. The survival of the parasite during several stages of its development depends on its ability to invade and grow within multiple cell types and to evade host immune responses by using their specialized proteins (Florens et al., 2002; Greenwood et al., 2008). Sporozoites (infective stage), merozoites (erythrocytes invading stage), trophozoites (multiplying form in erythrocytes), and gametocytes (sexual stages) are stages involved in the development of the parasite. These stages are unique in shapes, structures and complementary proteins. The continuous changes in surface proteins and metabolic pathways during these stages help the parasites to survive the host immune response and create challenges for drugs and vaccines development (Florens et al., 2002). The sporogony or sexual phase occurs in mosquitoes, resulting in the development of numerous infective forms of the parasites which when ingested by human host induced disease. During a blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes from an individual infected with malaria, the male and female gametocytes of the parasite enter into the gut of the mosquito, adjust itself to the insect host environment and initiate the sporogonic cycle. The fusion of male and female gametes produced zygotes, which subsequently develop into actively moving ookinetes that pierced into the mosquito midgut wall to develop into oocysts. Each oocyst divides to produce numerous active haploid forms called sporozoites which are subsequently released into the mosquitos body cavity following the burst of the oocyst. The released sporozoites travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands, from where they get injected into the human bloodstream during another blood meal, causing malaria infection (Barillas-Mury Kum ar, 2005; Ferguson Read, 2004; Hill, 2006). The parasite life cycle traverse two hosts (Man and Mosquito) with each stage involving complex cellular and molecular modifications. To prevent blood clots, Sporozoites infected saliva are deposited into Man during blood meal by female Anopheles mosquitoes, make their way to the liver, develop over time into hypnozoites (dormant stage, usually responsible for relapse of infection) or merozoites (that are released into blood stream to invade erythrocytes). The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by the parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The schizogony or asexual phase of the life cycle occurs in human host. The cycle is initiated from the liver by the ingested sporozoites and later continues within the red blood cells, resulting in the clinical manifestations of the malaria disease. Following the introduction of invasive sporozoites into the skin after mosquito bite, they are either destroyed by macrophages, enter the lymphatics and drain into the lymph nodes from where they can develop into exoerythrocytic stages (Vaughan et al., 2008) and prime the T cells as a way of mounting protective immune response (Good Doolan, 2007) and/or blood vessel (Silvie et al., 2008b; Vaughan et al., 2008; Yamauchi et al., 2007), from where they made their way into the liver. While in the liver, sporozoites negotiate through the liver sinusoids, entered into hepatocytes, followed by multiplication and growth in parasitophorous vacuoles into schizonts, each of which contains thousands of merozoites, especially with P. falciparum (Ami no et al., 2006; Jones Good, 2006; Kebaier et al., 2009). Thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family and an actinmyosin motor has been show to help sporozoites in its continuous sequence of stick-and-slip motility (Baum et al., 2006; Mnter et al., 2009; Yamauchi et al., 2007) and that it growth and development within the liver cells is facilitated by the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite (Prudncio et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2007). This stick and slip motility prevent the parasite from been washed away by the circulating blood into kidney from where they can be destroyed and removed from the body. Motility is driven by an actin-myosin motor located underneath the plasma membrane. The sporozoite journey is propelled by a unique actin-myosin system, which allows extracellular migration, cell traversal and cell invasion (Kappe et al., 2004).This is a single cycle phase with no clinical symptoms, unlike the erythrocytic stage, which occurs repeatedly and characterize d with clinical manifestation. The hepatocytic merozoites are stored in vesicles called merosomes where they are protected from the phagocytotic action of Kupffer cells. The release of these merozoites into the blood stream via the lung capillaries initiates the blood stage of the infection (Silvie et al., 2008b). In some cases (as it can be found with P. vivax and P. ovale malaria) dormant sporozoites, called hypnozoites, are formed and remain in the liver for a long time. These hypnozoites are usually responsible for the development of relapse of clinical malaria infection and has been reported to be genotypically different from the infective sporozoites ingested after a mosquito bite (Cogswell, 1992; Collins, 2007). The development of the parasite within the red blood cells occur with precise cyclic accuracy with each repeated cycles producing hundreds of daughter cells that subsequently invades more red blood cells. The clinical symptoms of the disease are associated with the invasion of the erythrocytes by th e parasite, its growth, division inside the host cell and the cyclic cell lysis and reinvasion of new erythrocytes. The invasion of RBCs by the merozoites takes place within seconds and made possible by series of receptorligand interactions. The ability of the merozoites to quickly disappear from circulation into the RBCs protect its surface antigens from exposure to the host immune response (Cowman Crabb, 2006; Greenwood et al., 2008; Silvie et al., 2008b). Unlike P. Vivax, which invade the RBCs by binding to Duffy blood group, the more virulent P. falciparum possess varieties of Duffy binding-like (DBL) homologous proteins and the reticulocyte binding-like homologous proteins that allows it to recognize and bind effectively to different RBC receptors (Mayer et al., 2009; Weatherall et al., 2002). Micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are the specialized apical secretory organelles of the merozoite that help the merozoites to attach, invade, and establish itself in the red cel l. The successful formation of stable parasitehost cell junction is followed by entering into the cells through the erythrocyte bilayer. This entrance is made possible with the aid of the actinmyosin motor, proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein family (TRAP) and aldolase, leading to the creation of a parasitophorous vacuole, that isolate the intracellular ring parasite from the host-cell cytoplasm, thereby creating a conducive environment for its development (Bosch et al., 2007; Cowman Crabb, 2006; Haldar Mohandas, 2007). The intra-erythrocytic parasite is faced with the challenge of surviving in an environment devoid of standard biosynthetic pathways and intracellular organelles in the red cells. This challenge is overcome by the ability of the parasite to adjust its nutritional requirement to haemoglobin only, formation of a tubovesicular network, thereby expanding it surface area and by export of a range of remodeling and virulence factors into the red cell (Silvie et al., 2008b). Following the ingestion of the hemoglobin into the food vacuole, it is degraded to make available the amino acids for protein biosynthesis. Heme is a toxic free radical capable of destroying the parasite within the red blood cells. Heme polymerase is used by the parasite for the detoxification of heme and the resulting hemozoin is sequestrated as hemozoin. As the parasite grows and multiplies, new permeation pathways are created in the host cell membrane to help in the uptake of solutes from the extracellular medium, disp osal of metabolic wastes, and in initiating and sustaining electrochemical ion gradients, thereby preserving the osmotic stability of the infected red cells and thus, premature hemolysis (Kirk, 2001; Lew et al., 2003). 1.2.3 Control of Malaria infection Preventive measures are a critical step towards the control and eradication of malaria. Preventive approach can broadly be divided into two Infection control and Vector control. Infection control focuses on preventing the development of the disease as a result of occasional mosquito bite or relapse of previous infection (Lell et al., 2000; Walsh et al., 1999b). This involves the use of chemoprophylaxis. Travellers to malaria endemic countries are expected to start prophylaxis at least two weeks before and to continue up to two weeks after. One important target group in the infection control using chemoprophylaxis are the pregnant women. Intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (IPTp) is the globally acknowledge approach for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (Vallely et al., 2007; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012). Sulphadoxin-pyrimethamine (SP) has been used for this purpose and there are compelling arguments for the use of artesunate-SP (Jansen, 2011). To ensure long lasting prevention, this approach should be combined with vector control. Vector control focuses on protecting against mosquitoes bite, thereby preventing the transmission of the parasite to Man. Strategies for vector control include the use of residual spraying of insecticides, insect repellent cream or spray, sleeping under bed nets, especially, the insecticide impregnated bed nets (ITNs) and proper sanitation (Curtis et al., 2006; Lavialle-Defaix et al., 2011; WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). WHO provides guideline for the production, preparation, distribution and the use of the ITNs (WHO | Insecticide-treated materials,). With the reported resistance to pyrathroids, an active principle of the insecticides treated bed nets (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), all strategies involving the use of chemical agents, also faces the global challenge of developing resistance. Training in proper sanitation and its sustainability from generation to generation is most probably the best approach in controlling the malaria disease. Personal and general hygiene which involve in-door and out-door cleaning, good refuse disposal practices, eradication of stagnant water, proper sewage disposal and clean, dry and uninterrupted drainages are examples of good sanitation practices that will not only prevent malaria infection, but also other killer diseases of the tropics. Sanitation is not only cheap and affordable; it is within the reach of everybody. 1.2.3.2 Malaria Chemotherapy Despite the use of preventive approaches outlined above (Curtis et al., 2006; WHO | Malaria in pregnancy, 2012), as strategy towards the eradication of this malaria, the use of chemotherapeutic drugs remains the most widely used approach (Butler et al., 2010; DAlessandro, 2009). They are widely employed as prophylaxis, suppressive and curative. However, the success of this strategy has been hampered by the resilient of the parasite in continually creating resistance to the available drugs. The ability of P. falciparum to develop resistance to effective and affordable drugs (Cheeseman et al., 2012; Jambou et al., 2005; Mller Hyde, 2010; Phyo et al., 2012) and to pyrethroids, the active principle of the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) (Fane et al., 2012; NGuessan et al., 2007), has made constant search for new pharmacotherapy imperative. Various approaches have been employed to identify new antimalaria agents with a view to reducing cost, ensuring availability and reducing the incidences of resistance (Rosenthal, 2003). Chemical modification of the existing antimalarial is a simple approach and required no extensive knowledge of the mechanism of drug action and the biology of the infection. Many drugs in use today have been produced using this approach, including chloroquine, primaquine and mefloquine from quinine (Stocks et al., 2001), 8-aminoquinoline, tafenoquine, from primaquine (Walsh et al., 1999a) and lumefantrine from halofantrine (van Vugt et al., 2000). Another approach is the use of plant derived compound with little or no chemical modification has led to the discovery of potent antimalarial such as artemisinins (Meshnick, 2001). Also, the use of other agents not originally designed for malaria such as folate antagonists, tetracyclines and antibiotics that were reported to be active against malaria parasit es (Clough Wilson, 2001) is another viable approach to drug discovery. Resistance reversals such verapamil, desipramine and trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) have also been used in combination with antimalaria drugs to improve therapy. Optimization of therapy with existing antimalaria agents is widely used as a productive approach towards improving therapy. Optimization of therapy underscore the need for combination therapy with newer and older drugs and with agents that are not original designed as antimalaria but which can potentiate the antimalaria property and/or block resistance to antimalaria agents. Thus for the combination to be ideal, it should improve antimalarial efficacy, providing additive or synergistic antiparasitic activity and slow the progression of parasite resistance to the antimalaria agents. For example, combination of artesunate with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (von Seidlein et al., 2000) or with amodiaquine (Adjuik et al., 2002), if devoid of underlying resistance to the artesunate partners which can lead to high rates recrudescence (Dorsey et al., 2002), may prove to be optimal antimalarial agents. Other combinations that have been effectively used include artesunate and mefloquine (Price et al., 1997) and artemether and lumefantrine (Lefevre et al., 2001). The combination of analog of proguanil (chlorproguanil) with dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitor (dapsone), originally produced to treat leprosy (Mutabingwa et al., 2001) has open up a new and effective approach in antimalaria drug therapy. The use of dapsone and other drug resistance reversers such as verapamil, desipramine, trifluoperazine (van Schalkwyk et al., 2001) and Chlorpheniramine (Sowunmi et al., 1997) has shown potential for reducing the rate of drug resistance. Table 1.1: Classes and Mechanism of Antimalarial drugs CLASSES OF DRUGS Gametocidal Tafenoquine Gamatocidal Gametocidal biguanides (proguanil, cycloguanil), Trimethoprim CLASSES OF DRUGS Clindamycin, Spiramycin m ubiquinol to cytochrome C (Vaidya, 2001). Meanwhile, one important and innovative approach towards drug discovery in malaria chemotherapy is the search for new antimalaria drug target. Such targets include parasite membrane (Vial Calas, 2001), food vacuole (Banerjee et al., 2002), mitochondrial and apicoplast (Ralph et al., 2001; Vaidya, 2001). The cytosol, which is the centre of metabolic activities (e.g. folate metabolism and glycolysis) and enzymes activities have proven to be valuable as potential target for drug action (Plowe, 2001; Razakantoanina et al., 2000). To survive and develop within the erythrocytes, Plasmodium falciparum export most of its virulent factors into the cytosol of the infected erythrocytes. Among these are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins which are focus of many researches and are increasingly gaining ground as potential target of drug action (Behr et al., 1992; Kumar et al., 1990). 1.2.3.3 Malaria Vaccines Notwithstanding the centrality of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in efforts at combating the menace of malaria infection (DAlessandro, 2009), and wide distribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, efforts aimed at enhancing long lasting protective immunity through vaccination, of which RTS,S is emerging as most promising vaccine formulation, has been intensified (Ballou, 2009; Casares et al., 2010). These attempts at producing an effective vaccine against malaria infection has, however, for many years proved unsuccessful (Andr, 2003; Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 2003). Having a vaccine that can completely block transmission from human to mosquito host can be a major limp towards global eradication of malaria. But, the absences of such immunity may explain the possible partnership between the parasite and the host, developed over a long time of co-habitation (Evans Wellems, 2002). On the other hand, a vaccine developed in line with the model of naturally acquired immunity that o ffers protections against morbidity and mortality, offers more encouragement. Such a vaccine will be a major step in the right direction and may not require regular booster vaccination like it would with vaccine that target infection transmission blockage (Struik Riley, 2004). Meanwhile, the development of natural immunity, after a long term exposure to the infection, especially with people living in the endemic areas has been reported (Baird, 1995; Hoffman et al., 1987; Rogier et al., 1996). The rate of acquired immunity in infants is faster than older children, but they also stand the chance of higher risk of developing severe malaria infection and anaemia (Aponte et al., 2007). Though, adults who, having obtained naturally acquired immunity, migrated to malaria-free zones, stands the risk of contacting the diseases upon return to their endemic region, documentary evidences however revealed that their responses to such re-infection are very rapid and tend to respond to treatment and recover faster than those who have not been previously xposed. (Di Perri G et al., 1994; Jelinek et al., 2002; Lepers et al., 1988). While this naturally acquired immunity is beneficial, it leaves the most vulnerable population (children and pregnant women though the mother may be immune, the foetus is not) at risk, as they are yet to gain enough exposure for such immunity to take place. Aponte et al., (2007) also showed that a reduced exposure toP. falciparumantigens through chemoprophylaxis early in life have the potential to delay immunity acquisition. Furthermore, it does not appear that naturally acquired immunity have any effect on transmission of malaria. This further explained the possibility of an evolving host-parasite relationship (Evans Wellems, 2002), which might have been developed over a long time host-parasite co-evolution. Therefore, understanding the compromises that may have developed over time between the parasite and the host may be an important approach towards developing a much needed vaccine. 1.3 Molecular and Cellular Basis of Malaria Infection Following blood meal by an Anopheles female mosquito accompany with the release of saliva to prevent blood coagulation (Beier, 1998), malaria parasites are deposited or ejection of into the skin (Frischknecht et al., 2004; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004). By continuous gliding in the skin, the sporozoite reach a blood vessel, breach the endothelial barrier and enter the blood circulation (Amino et al., 2007; Vanderberg Frevert, 2004) and/or breach a lymphatic vessel to enter the draining lymph node, where exoerythrocytic stages of sporozoites development may take place (Amino et al., 2006). A micronemal protein, called thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), has been shown to be responsible for the gliding motility and invasion mosquito vector salivary gland and in mammalian host (Kappe et al., 1999). The sporozoite transversal to the liver and the merozoites invasion and remodeling of the host cells are complex but necessary processes for the survival and development of the par asite. 1.3.1 Cell Transversal Sporozoite possesses the ability to transverse cells i.e move in and out of the host cells by membrane disruption (Mota et al., 2002, 2001; Vanderberg Stewart, 1990). Among the proteins secreted by the micronemes that have been implicated in host cell traversal are SPECT1 (sporozoite microneme proteinessential forcelltraversal 1) and SPECT2 (Ishino et al., 2005, 2004). The absence of SPECT1orSPECT2in mutant sporozoite does not prevent gliding motility but prevent migration through host cells (Ishino et al., 2004).Other proteins of importance to sporozoite cell traversal prior to hepatocyte infection, includes TRAP-Like Protein (Moreira et al., 2008), a sporozoite secreted phospholipase (Bhanot et al., 2005), and celltraversal protein forookinete andsporozoite (Kariu et al., 2006). Similarly, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) probably plays a role in targeting sporozoites to hepatocytes by interacting with heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Sinnis Sim, 1997). 1.3.2 Liver stage development Upon entering the bloodstream, infectious sporozoite makes it way to the liver. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is highly expressed at this stage of the parasite life cycle. Using the sporozoites that expresses fluorescent proteins under the control of CSP and intravital imaging, Frevert and colleagues were able to show the movement of sporozoites in the liver (Frevert et al., 2005). The study showed that sporozoite migrates through several hepatocytes before finally settling in one, form PV and begin the liver stage development. CSP, mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP-1, and other highly expressed proteins by Kupffer cells, play an important role in inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species via the generation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) which stimulates adenyl cyclase activity (Usynin et al., 2007). Ishino and co-workers reported that two parasite molecules P36 and P52/P36p are involved in sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes with the formation of a PV membrane (PVM) (Ishino et al., 2005). Apart from CSP, other gene product that has been implicated in liver stage development of the parasite includes sporozoite low complexity asparagine-rich protein (SAP1) (Aly et al., 2008) and sporozoite and liver stage asparagine-rich protein (SLARP) (Silvie et al., 2008a) 1.3.3 Erythrocyte Invasion Erythrocyte invasion involves four steps, namely, initial merozoites binding, reorientation and erythrocyte deformation, specific interaction and junction formation and parasite entry (Figure 1.2). Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is a well characterized merozoite surface proteins implicated in initial merozoite binding. It has been reported to be uniformly distributed over the merozo